Questions COPY And PASTE
1 page 1 sentence for each question
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- What are the mechanisms that result in dyspnea?
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is a result of: what disorder?
- _____ is generally relieved by sitting up in a forward-leaning position.
- Kussmaul respirations may be characterized which respiratory pattern?
- What is the pathophysiologic mechanism of Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
- Cyanosis generally develops when _______ g/dL of hemoglobin is desaturated, regardless of hemoglobin concentration.
- What do hypoventilation and hyperventilation do to PaCO2 levels?
- What is clubbing?
- How do high altitudes produce hypoxemia?
- How do pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia?
- Alveolar dead space is a result of which disorder?
- Which pleural abnormality involves a site of pleural rupture that act as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing its escape by closing during expiration?
- In _____ pleural effusion, the fluid is watery and diffuses out of the capillaries as a result of increased blood pressure or decreased capillary oncotic pressure.
- What the causes of chest wall restriction?
- _____ atelectasis is the collapse of lung tissue caused from the lack of collateral ventilation through the pores of Kohn.
- In _____ bronchiectasis, both constrictions and dilations deform the bronchi.
- What are some similarities between silicosis and asbestosis?
- _____ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
- What are the causes of pulmonary edema?
- Pulmonary edema usually begins at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial pressure of _____ mm Hg.
- In ARDS, inflammatory mediators such as proteolytic enzymes, oxygen free radicals, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor are released by which cells?
- What is the cause of pulmonary edema in ARDS?
- In ARDS, what causes the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles to fill with fluid?
- Which type of pulmonary disease requires more force to expire a volume of air?
- Which immunoglobulin may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma?
- Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?
- _______ increases in asthma because of the effect of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), and IL-1.
- What are the clinical manifestations of asthma?
- The most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with _______.
- Which bacteria become embedded in the airway secretions in chronic bronchitis?
- What are the clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis?
- _____ involves an abnormally enlarged gas-exchanged system and the destruction of alveolar walls.
- What is the best way to delayed the progression of chronic bronchitis?
- How does smoking contributes to emphysema?
- What are the clinical manifestations of emphysema?
- What is the most common route of lower respiratory tract infection?
- What are the clinical manifestations of pneumonia?
- In tuberculosis, what is activated to attack the bacilli?
- What is a circumscribed area of suppuration and destruction of lung parenchyma called?
- Pulmonary hypertension results from which alteration?
- What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?
Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
- How does chest wall compliance in infants compare to adults?
- Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?
- The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born after _____ weeks of gestation.
- Which type of croup is most common?
- What are the clinical manifestations of croup?
- What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?
- What is the primary cause of RDS of the newborn?
- What is the primary problem in RDS of the newborn?
- What is the sequence of events after atelectasis develops in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?
- Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by which infection?
- What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children?
- Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?
- Which T lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma?
- Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response?
- Write a description of childhood asthma.
- Write a description of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
- What do fibroblast growth factors cause in ARDS?
- In ARDS, how does a diffuse pulmonary thrombosis contribute to pulmonary edema?
- Write a description of cystic fibrosis.
- What is the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF)?
- What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis?
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs most often between _____ and _____ months of age.
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